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Osama bin Laden [ a ] 10 March — 2 May was a Saudi Arabian—born Islamist dissident and militant leader who was the founder and first general emir of al-Qaeda.

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Bin Laden was born in Riyadh to the aristocratic bin Laden family. He studied at Saudi and foreign universities until , when he joined the mujahideen fighting against the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. In , he co-founded Maktab al-Khidamat , which recruited foreign mujahideen into the war. Bin Laden was an influential ideologue who inspired several Islamist organizations.

To many Islamists, he was a war hero for helping defend Afghanistan, and a voice of opposition against Western imperialism.

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He founded al-Qaeda in for worldwide jihad. In the Gulf War , Bin Laden's offer for support against Iraq was rebuked by the Saudi royal family , which instead sought American aid. Bin Laden's views on pan-Islamism and anti-Americanism resulted in his expulsion from Saudi Arabia in He shifted his headquarters to Sudan until , when he established a new base in Afghanistan, where he was supported by the Taliban.

After the U. In October , the United Nations designated al-Qaeda as a terrorist organization. In the U. He organized the September 11 attacks, which killed nearly 3, people. This resulted in the U. Bin Laden became the subject of a nearly decade-long international manhunt led by the U. During this period, he hid in the mountains of Afghanistan and later escaped to neighboring Pakistan.